Nomenclature

Species name:

Glebionis coronaria   (L.) Cass. Ex Spach.

Author(s):

Carl von Linné;
   Sweden, 1707-1778

Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini;
   France, 1781-1832

Edouard Spach;
   France 1801-1879

Common names:

Crown Daisy, Garland, Chop Suey Greens

Maltese name:

Lelluxa

Plant Family:

Asteraceae   (Daisy (Sunflower) Family)

Name Derivation:

Glebionis = (unknown derivation)

the previous and more popular Genus name for this plant was Chrysanthemum which is derived from "chrysos" which means gold (Greek) and "anthemon" which means flower (Greek), hence "golden-flower".
coronaria = "corona" = crown, refering to the large flower head (Latin)

Synonyms:

Chrysanthemum coronarium

Remarks:

-

Morphology

Specifications & Description

Life Cycle:

Annual.

Growth Form:

THEROPHYTE (Annuals)

Habitat:

Fields, Waste ground, soil dumps. Much less common in garigues.

Frequency:

Common

Localities in Malta:

Very Common throughout the islands. Could be classified as the most abundant plant during late spring.

Plant Height:

20-75cm.

Flowering Period:

Jan - Jul

Protection in Malta:

Not Protected by Law (LN200/2011 or LN311/2006)

Red List 1989:

Not listed in the Flora section of the National Red Data Book (Lanfranco, 1989)

Poison:

Not Poisonous.

This tall, eye catching annual has large flower heads up to 60mm diameter, and frequently grows in abundance creating a mass of golden yellow carpets in many places around Malta and Gozo. Occasionally, some flowers from the other variant are seen. These have a yellow center and whitish outer tips.

Its stems are erect and hairless, and forms numerous compound branches. The oblong or lance-shaped multi pinnate or pinnatifid leaves can be over 10cm long. Each pinna (leaf lobe) can further have smaller lobed projections.

The flower heads are supported by thickened stalks, and overlapping, short, triangular shaped phyllaries, which often have a dark outline. The flower heads have a central flattened, disc-shaped receptacle holding many yellow, tubular disc-florets and the perimeter is outlined by 10-15 ray-florets with large (20mm) golden yellow 'petals'. The reproductive organs (stamens and style) lie within every floret. The 5 stamens are fused together as a singular collar around the style. The florets at the perimeter mature first and those of the center last.

The fruit is a simple tooth-like achene, without a pappus. No particular seed dispersal mechanism. They fall down on the soil and many times they are carried away by ants down into the soil. Each plant forms numerous flowers, and hence it can produce several thousands of seeds.

Information and Details

Nomenclature

The scientific genus name of the plant is recently changed from Chrysanthemum to Glebionis [WWW-26]. Many books and even Internet documents refer to this plant as Chrysanthemum, which was its genus name for many years. However there was a nomenclature update and Chrysanthemum now applies to the Asian genus previously treated as Dendranthema and the two Mediterranean species (C. coranarium and C. segatum) must be treated under the genus name Glebionis. [SL].

Cultivation Notes:

Succeeds in ordinary garden soil [1] , but it prefers a well-drained fertile soil in full sun [200, 206] . It will tolerate light shade in the summer. Tolerates a pH in the range 5.2 to 7.5. Plants do not grow well at temperatures above 25°c, tending to become bitter in hot weather. Plants withstand light frosts [206] . Commonly grown as an ornamental in the West, the var spatiosum is commonly cultivated as a vegetable in China and Japan [200] . There are many named varieties [183] . It takes 4 - 5 weeks from sowing the seed to the first harvest when plants are grown on the cut and come again principle [206] . Plants often self-sow when they are well-sited and the soil is disturbed by hoeing etc. [KF]

Planting:

• This plant variety generally cannot be successfully grown in areas where the soil quality is of a poor standard, ie lacking in sufficient nutrients.
  
• This plant variety does not tolerate heavy clay soils.
  
• This variety can be grown in anything from a light to a heavy soil mixture.
  
• For optimal results it is preferable to plant in a well drained soil.
  
• This variety prefers a semi shade to full sun position.
  
• It is preferable to plant this variety in a moist position. [WWW-01]
  

Medicinal Uses:

The leaves are expectorant and stomachic [218] . In conjunction with black pepper it is used in the treatment of gonorrhea. The flowers are aromatic, bitter and stomachic. They are used as a substitute for camomile (Chamaemelum nobile). The bark is purgative, it is used in the treatment of syphilis. [240]

Derivatives from plant

Consolacion Y. et al discovered that A Bioactive Thiophene Derivative can be derived from from Chrysanthemum coronarium. The abstact says: "The CHCl3 extract of the air-dried leaves of Chrysanthemum coronarium afforded N-isobutyl-6-(2-thiophenyl)-2,4-hexadienamide (1). The structure of 1 was determined by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry and comparison with published literature. Antimicrobial tests on 1 by the agar well method indicated that it has low activity against B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans and T. mentagrophytes and is inactive against S. aureus and E coli at a concentration of 20 ?g. Micronucleus test indicated a 66.5% reduction in MPCE induced by Mitomycin C. Thus, 1 is an antimutagen. " [301]

Edible Uses:

Young shoots and stems - raw or cooked [34, 46, 61, 105, 116] . Strongly aromatic [183, 200] , they are used as a flavouring or as a vegetable. Cooked leaves become bitter if overcooked at a high temperature. Young leaves are excellent in salads. The leaves quickly wilt once they have been picked so it is best to harvest them as required [206] . They contain about 1.85% protein, 0.43% fat, 2.57% carbohydrate, 0.98% ash. They are rich in vitamin B1, contain a moderate content of vitamin C and a little vitamin A. [179]

Flowers - raw. Blanched briefly and added to salads [183] . The centre of the flower is bitter so only the petals are normally used [206] . A fragrant pickle known as 'kikumi' is made from the petals in Japan. [183]

Other Uses:

Possibly a good companion plant, protecting neighbouring plants from caterpillars etc. [KF] There is a report that secretions from the roots can be effective in controlling nematodes in the soil, but this has not been substantiated. [206]

Personal Observations:

• This plant is one of the most common plants found around the whole islands of Malta, probably the second one after the Bermuda Buttercup.
• It is one of the main plants responsible for the formation a carpet of yellow areas mainly in Feb / Mar.
• The white flower variant is not so common - the yellow predominates in Malta. The white-tipped flowers tend to show up and be more common in late Spring
• Very strong plant, found even in small quantities in the driest months of June and July.
• Flowers have a pleasant smell of camomile
• Traditionally children used to play "You love me, love me not" by striping the petals one by one!!! Although flowers are abundant, such education should be discouraged.     [SM]

Photo Gallery   (26 Images)

IMAGE: GLBCO-01
Photo of flower, typically with a conspicuous golden-yellow colour and a large daisy-like shape.

IMAGE: GLBCO-02
Photo of the large conspicuous flower consisting of many tiny central disk florets and about 11-15 peripheral golden-yellow ray florets.

IMAGE: GLBCO-03
Photo of flowers in situ which in Malta are found in blossom mainly between Febuary and May.

IMAGE: GLBCO-04
Close up photo of the yellow flower of this species.

IMAGE: GLBCO-05
-

IMAGE: GLBCO-06
-

IMAGE: GLBCO-07
The species is found in two different flower forms: (i) the entirely golden yellow colour form, which is by far the most common, and (ii) the white-tipped flower flower form which is referred to as Glebionis coronaria var. discolor.

IMAGE: GLBCO-08
Close up photo showing a photo of the normal yellow flower form and a flower with ray petals ending with a white colour; as if discoloured and hence the epithet var. discolor.

IMAGE: GLBCO-09
Photo of a plant with white-tipped flowers - Glebionis coronaria var. discolor.

IMAGE: GLBCO-10
Glebionis coronaria var. discolor. is less common in Malta and only met ocassionally, somewhat becoming more common towrds April and May.

IMAGE: GLBCO-11
Close up photo of the yellow/white flower form.

IMAGE: GLBCO-12
Another photo of the flowers of Glebionis coronaria var. discolor.

IMAGE: GLBCO-13
Dissected flowers- the one on the left is younger from the other. This is showed from the larger number of un-opened central disc florets compared to the mature flower which has nearly all disc-florets opened up.

IMAGE: GLBCO-14
Close up image of capitulum with plenty of disc florets and peripheral ray florets. Note that the flowers at the edge of the receptacle open up first, and blossoming moves towards the center with time.

IMAGE: GLBCO-15
Four close up photos of the flower's centres showing the numerous tiny disk and ray florets. Here it is clearly shown that each floret have 5 tint, flap-like petals.

IMAGE: GLBCO-16
Involuvre made up of several overlapping, light-brown phyllaries each having a dark brown border.

IMAGE: GLBCO-17
Scanned image of the pinnatifid (multi lobed) leaves.

IMAGE: GLBCO-18
Photo of several seedlings taken in mid October 2004.

IMAGE: GLBCO-19
A common scene in the countryside of Malta - carpeting of the crown daisy.

IMAGE: GLBCO-20
Magnified image of a single disc floret. The triangular flaps are the corolla lobes = 'true petals'.

IMAGE: GLBCO-21
Magnified image of pollen (x400) under light microscope.

IMAGE: GLBCO-22
Magnified image of pollen showing their spiked-ball structure.

IMAGE: GLBCO-23
Photo of a young plant in situ.

IMAGE: GLBCO-24
Photo of adult plant in situ.

IMAGE: GLBCO-25
Photo of many yellow flowers - a common sight in the Maltese countryside in Spring.

IMAGE: GLBCO-26
High resolution scanned image of few seeds (specifically known as achenes) which lack a pappus, and hence can't be dispersed by wind.

IMAGE: GLBCO-27
Magnified image of seeds under light microscope. They are seen to be tooth-shaped and longitudinally ribbed along the sides.

IMAGE: GLBCO-28
Magnified image of 2 seeds, one of which still has attached remains of a dried disk floret.

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